"Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a HEC Approved in Y category journal of Urdu Language & Literature. "Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a bi-lingual, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access publication. It is distributed by Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(R), Pakistan. Its main aim is to provide a platform for research scholars to publish their good-quality research papers. Research Journal focuses the literary research and modern trends of criticism in the subject of Urdu Language, Linguistics, and Literature.
Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(Private) Limited
کاغذی گھاٹ متوسط پاکستانی عورت کے سماجی اور تانیثی شعور کی منفرد آواز
In Urdu Novel, women have presented in various themes and shades. Most of which, they have depicted the status of women in society and the problems of their personal and social lives. Khalida Hussain is a renowned Urdu fiction writer. In Kaaghzi Ghaat, she has depicted the social situation of women in a traditional environment in the contemporary era. Kaaghzi Ghaat, the novel presents the social status of a Pakistani educated woman who grew up after the establishment of Pakistan and her attempt to break unwanted social norms. This article describes the efforts of middle-class Pakistani women of different ages to identify themselves.
Khalida Hussain, Novel, Fiction, Social status, feminism, Pakistani women, Middle class, Traditional society
اردو زبان کے ارتقاء میں امیر خسرو کا کردار: تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
The evolution of the Urdu language is deeply rooted in the cultural and linguistic fusion of the Indian subcontinent. Among the earliest figures who contributed significantly to this process is Amir Khusrau a renowned Sufi poet, musician, and intellectual of the 13th century. This research paper, titled "The Rise of Amir Khusrau on the Horizon of Urdu Language: A Research and Critical Study", explores Khusrau’s pioneering role in shaping the linguistic foundations of Urdu. Through a critical and analytical lens, the study examines how Khusrau's multilingual poetry, including his riddles, dohas, and folk compositions, reflect an early synthesis of Persian, Hindi, and local dialects. His innovative linguistic experiments laid the groundwork for a new vernacular that would later evolve into modern Urdu. The paper investigates the historical, cultural, and literary context of Khusrau’s era, and evaluates the extent of his influence on the formation and popularization of Urdu. By highlighting his stylistic innovations and linguistic contributions, this study aims to reaffirm Amir Khusrau's enduring legacy in the history of Urdu language and literature.
Amir Khusrau, Urdu Language, Linguistic Evolution, Sufi Literature, Indo-Persian Culture, Vernacular Poetry, Historical Linguistics, Literary Contribution
غربت، تعلیم اور صحت کے مسائل: اردو شاعری کے تناظر میں
Education and health are basic needs in human society, but their attainment is possible only when poverty is eradicated from society. The above-mentioned needs have become problems in our society. Various institutions have been established to solve these problems.To fulfill the above basic needs, the United Nations has formed institutions such as UNESCO, ITU, UNDP, IMF, ECOSOC, World Bank, UNICEF, WHO etc . Society and literature influence on each other. Limited access to education and health facilities pose a grave problem in a human society. Its reflections may be seen in Urdu literature. This paper is an analytical study of Urdu literature produced in the context of Historicism. Such pieces of Urdu poetry have been studied which bring about the issues of poverty and bad governance in education & health. Literature informs social narrative and vice-versa.
Society, Urdu literature, Poetry, Poverty, Health Issues, Educational System, Historicism
ترنم ریاض کےافسانوی مجموعے ’’ابابیلیں لوٹ آئیں گی‘‘ کا نفسیاتی مطالعہ
Dr. Tarannum Riyaz holds a significant place in contemporary Urdu fiction, particularly through her short story collection Ababeelain Laut Aayengi. This study provides a psychological and socio-literary analysis of her narratives, highlighting women’s emotions, inner conflicts, and the socio-cultural constraints they face. Riyaz portrays the lived realities of women navigating emotional vulnerabilities and social injustices, addressing themes such as poverty, patriarchal oppression, and male neglect of familial responsibilities. Her stories also reflect the complexities of urban life, financial insecurities, and shifting gender relations, offering symbolic depth and emotive resonance. By situating her work within broader debates on women in Urdu literature, the study emphasizes Riyaz’s contribution to feminist literary criticism and her role in expanding contemporary Urdu narrative. Through a close reading of selected stories, the analysis reveals how Riyaz employs psychological realism to depict the inner turmoil of her female protagonists, who grapple with societal expectations and personal aspirations. Her portrayal of urban women underscores the tension between tradition and modernity, critiquing patriarchal structures while celebrating female resilience. This research draws on feminist theory, psychoanalytic criticism, and socio-cultural perspectives to evaluate Riyaz’s innovative narrative techniques, such as stream-of-consciousness and symbolic imagery, which enhance the emotional impact of her work. Ultimately, the study argues that Riyaz’s fiction not only documents the struggles of marginalized women but also advocates for social reform, making her a pivotal voice in Urdu literature’s feminist discourse. Her stories serve as a mirror to contemporary Pakistani society, fostering empathy and awareness for gender issues.
Tarannum Riyaz, Ababeelain Laut Aayengi, Women in Urdu Literature, Psychological Criticism, Patriarchy, Poverty
From the changing aspect of every thought of every age, the evolutionary journey of new themes continues. In poetry, not only the topic is important, but the manner of handling the topic as well also known as the style of expression or style. This style emerges with the help of the personal strengths of the artist, his creative abilities and technical skills. Visual, and aesthetic feelings, the passing of traditions, the diversity of observations and experiences, the ability to speak and rare thoughts and ideas give birth to new topics. The thematic canvas of Urdu Naatiya poetry is very wide. Along with the nature and attributes of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the effects of civilization and culture are also prominent in it. Naat was created to give words to the universe, beauty to speech and grace to life. Because Naat is not only an expression of personal praise but rather an expression of praise for the one (PBUH) for whom the entire universe was created and which was expressed by the creator of the universe himself. The greater the subject of the naat, the more extensive it is. Poets cannot fully support the greatness and vastness of this subject. In general, devotion and love for the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the desire to visit the Holy shrine in Medina which is the mausoleum of the Prophet (PBUH) are prominent in Urdu Naat poetry. These two aspects are the basis of Urdu Naat.The thematic of Urdu Naat has been changing with time and thoughts. The themes of Naat give lights all aspects of Life.
Urdu, Naat, Thematic, Creative, Expression, Review, Thoughts, Civilization
زاہدہ حنا کے افسانوں میں مزاحمت کی روایت
This study explores the tradition of resistance in the fiction of Zahida Hina, one of the most prominent contemporary voices in Urdu literature. Rooted in a strong intellectual and anti-colonial family background, Hina’s writings embody both defiance and innovation. Her short stories do not merely depict individual struggles but reflect broader political and social oppressions, particularly those shaped by military dictatorships, authoritarian regimes, and patriarchal structures in Pakistan and South Asia. By weaving together themes of political instability, social injustice, war, migration, and identity crisis, her narratives resonate with the lived realities of marginalized groups, especially women. Hina’s resistance is multidimensional: she critiques censorship, authoritarian politics, and religious orthodoxy, while simultaneously highlighting the silenced voices of women whose rights have been denied by both cultural norms and state policies. Her stories such as Bood-o-Nabood ka Aashob, Jism-o-Zubaan ki Maut se Pehle, Paniyon Par Behti Panah, and Manzil Hai Kahan Teri illustrate the suffering caused by imprisonment, war, forced migration, and gender-based violence. At the same time, they valorize characters who embody resilience, dignity, and unwavering commitment to freedom and justice. Zahida Hina also situates Pakistani resistance literature within a global tradition, drawing attention to universal struggles against tyranny, from Latin America to South Asia. Her rejection of the Pride of Performance award in 2006 epitomizes her lifelong ideological commitment. Thus, her fiction transcends the boundaries of storytelling to become an act of protest and a vehicle for social transformation. The study concludes that Zahida Hina’s short stories constitute a cornerstone of feminist and resistance literature in Urdu, articulating the collective conscience of a society under perpetual strain.
Zahida Hina; Urdu Short Story, Resistance Literature, Political Oppression, Military Dictatorship, Feminism, Social Justice, War and Migration, Identity Crisis, Authoritarianism
This research focuses on the principles of Sirah writing and their relevance in the modern age. Different scholars’ views on Sirah literature were studied to understand how they approached this field. After reviewing these perspectives, certain guiding principles were formulated in this study to respond to the intellectual and social needs of the present era. These principles emphasize that Sirah should not only be seen as a record of events but also as a source for moral, social, and cultural guidance. The research suggests that Sirah must be presented in analytical and critical ways, linking it with contemporary disciplines such as sociology, psychology, literature, and science. By doing so, the universal message of the Prophet’s ﷺ life can reach modern minds with greater clarity. The aim is to highlight how Sirah writing can contribute to building an ethical society and guiding the younger generation in today’s world.
Sirah Literature, Principles of Sirah Writing, Modern Relevance, Social and Cultural Context, Contemporary Desciplines, Intellectual Needs. Youth Guidance, Ethical Society.
اردو ادب میں سائنس فکشن : معاصر صورتحال ،مسائل اور امکانات
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of science fiction within Urdu literature, charting its historical development, examining its contemporary challenges, and exploring its future possibilities. The study traces the genre's lineage from proto-science fiction elements found in classical epics like Tilism-e-Hoshruba to its formal emergence in the 20th century. A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to the pioneering work of Ibn-e-Safi, who skillfully fused science fiction with the popular detective genre, creating a unique "Spy-fi" niche that introduced concepts of robotics, advanced technology, and clandestine scientific organizations to a wide readership. The narrative also acknowledges the foundational contributions of subsequent authors like Izhar Asar, who wrote prolifically within the genre, and the literary validation it received from esteemed figures such as Ashfaq Ahmed.Despite these contributions, the article argues that science fiction remains a marginalized genre in Urdu. It identifies several critical deterrents: a societal deficit in scientific temperament, the historical dominance of traditional literary forms like poetry and social realism, and a rigid critical environment that often prioritizes established Western theoretical frameworks over genre experimentation, thereby discouraging creative innovation. However, the contemporary landscape offers signs of promise, particularly in children's literature, where authors like Tasneem Jafri are effectively using the genre to cultivate scientific curiosity. Conclusively, the paper posits that the 21st century presents immense opportunities for the genre's growth. Urgent contemporary themes such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, digital surveillance, and climate change provide fertile ground for new narratives. Furthermore, modern forms like micro-fiction offer a potent vehicle for conveying complex ideas effectively. The article concludes by affirming the vital social function of science fiction as an "early warning system" that critically reflects on present trends to help envision and navigate the future.
Urdu Literature, Science Fiction, Contemporary Literature, Literary Criticism, Speculative Fiction, Ibn-e-Safi, Spy-fi, Cyberpunk, Proto-Science Fiction, Literary Challenges, Future of Literature.
زبان، شعور اور ڈیجیٹل ارتقاء:زبان کا سائنسی مطالعہ
This article examines the indispensable role of language in human cognition, communication, and culture. It argues that language is not just a medium of conveying emotions and thoughts, but a foundational system enabling humans to encode, preserve, and transfer knowledge across generations. The study compares human language with non-human and artificial systems (animal sounds and computer languages), emphasizing five core characteristics that define human linguistic systems. It further delves into linguistic branches like phonetics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics, and discusses how language functions at the anatomical level in speech production. The piece highlights the role of linguistics in enabling machines, especially AI models like ChatGPT, to understand and respond in natural language, including Urdu.The author underscores the absence of comprehensive visual phonetic resources in Urdu linguistics literature and provides structured diagrams to fill this gap. Ultimately, the article asserts the centrality of linguistics in bridging language, society and technology in the modern era.
Language and Cognition, Human Communication, Linguistic Systems, Phonetics, Psycholinguistics, Natural Language Processing, Urdu Linguistics, Language and Technology
It is not possible to deny the importance of Journalism in every language of the world. Newspapers, Magazines and Journals played a fundamental role in making people aware. Kishwar Naheed is also among those writers who have rendered extraordinary services in poetry and prose. The Author’s columns can also be considered extremely important, like her other writings. The Literary, Political, Social, and cultural history of Pakistan and the sub-continent is scattered on the pages of the columns written by the author. Kishwar Naheed raised social awareness in society through column writing. The Author also raised her voice against anti-human attitudes around the world. Kishwar Naheed has a unique identity among the leading feminist voices in Pakistani literature. She is associated with women’s rights movements. Several of Kishwar Naheed’s poems are chanted as slogans in women’s liberation movements. Kishwar Naheed’s pen remains active against oppression and injustice in Africa, America, and Asian Countries. The author keeps a close eye on the study of revolutionary literature from around the world. Topics like liberty, unemployment, unrest, injustice, violence against children and women, terrorism, etc., are the focus of the author’s columns. Kishwar Naheed holds a unique place and status in world literature thanks to her writings. This article deals with her columns and determines their literary value.
Kishwar Naheed, Columns, Literary and Political History of Pakistan, Social Issues, Child Protection, Women Empowerment, Hope for Peace, Feminism, Progressive, Revolutionary History
The aesthetic system of classical Urdu ghazal is a creative world where beauty, love, emotion, and spirituality are expressed through words, metaphors, and symbols. In this system, jewels are not merely regarded as precious stones, but are used as metaphors for beauty, dignity, narcissism, and at times even spiritual elevation. Classical poets such as Wali, Mir, Ghalib, Aatish, Nasikh, Sauda, Shefta, and Hali have artistically used gems like ruby (yaqoot), emerald (zumurrud), sapphire (neelam), diamond (almaas), pearl (gohar), garnet (la‘l), agate (‘aqeeq), and coral (marjaan) to describe the beloved’s physical features, clothing, ornaments, and even emotional intensity. In ghazals, these jewels often appear in expressions like lab-e-la‘līn (ruby-like lips), dandan-e-gohar (pearly teeth), rukh-e-taabaan (radiant face), and zulf-e-mushkin (fragrant hair), which elevate the beloved’s beauty to an eternal and transcendent level. Ruby often symbolizes the beloved’s red lips, while pearl is used for pearly white teeth or the radiance of the eyes. These symbols not only grant the beloved a divine aura, but also reveal the poet’s imagination, linguistic finesse, and deep cultural consciousness.
Aesthetic system, Classical Urdu Ghazal, Beauty, Love, Emotion, Spirituality, Metaphor, Symbolism
Fateh Muhammad Malik is counted among the renowned scholars, orators, journalists, educationists, teachers, and researchers. He made the historic aspects of Allama Iqbal’s personality the central theme of his writings. Most of his life was spent in teaching, but he also rendered significant literary services. He focused on the economic dimensions present in Iqbal’s writings and explained their relevance in today’s world. He believes that understanding Iqbal is not only a source of knowledge but also deeply connected to our lives. According to him, the political system of Islam is linked to our moral and spiritual values, and there is no concept of hereditary monarchy or clerical rule in it. He used the metaphor of the "tulip flower" for the Muslim Ummah and wished to see the true spirit of Islam reflected in Muslims. He feels that even today, the Muslim world fails to distinguish between the system of Abu Lahab and the system of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), which has led to the support of clericalism and dictatorship. He says that Iqbal, in all his writings, tried to highlight the political, social, and economic aspects of Islam so that a system based on the Prophet’s teachings (Nizam-e-Mustafa) could be established, where Muslims can live according to Islamic principles. Fateh Muhammad Malik rejected the system of monarchy and emphasized the contours of religious politics. He envisions an ideal region as dreamed by Allama Iqbal and brought into reality through the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam. Like Iqbal, Fateh Muhammad Malik aligned his writings with the needs of the time and believes that Iqbal’s message should not only be understood but also followed, so that the true meaning of Pakistan can be realized.
Iqbal's Thought, Economic System, Democracy, Clericalism, Feudal System, Love for the Prophet ( S.A.W )
بلوچی لغت نویسی کی روایت:ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Balochi, a language spoken primarily in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, has a rich linguistic heritage yet remains understudied in comparison to other languages in the region. Lexicography, the systematic creation of dictionaries, plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting a language. This abstract provides an overview of the current state of Balochi lexicography, highlighting existing dictionaries, challenges faced by lexicographers, and future directions for research. The history of Balochi lexicography is relatively short. Early dictionaries were primarily limited in scope and focused on specific domains or dialects. Notable contributions include the work of I.R. Bruce, who published a Balochi-English vocabulary in 1874, and the more comprehensive Balochi-English- and Urdu Dictionary by Atta Shahd, Balochi Dictionary by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi. However, these dictionaries often lacked detailed etymological information and grammatical analysis.
Linguistic, Heritage, Preserving, Lexicography, Language, Dialects, Lexicographer, Etymological, Comprehensive
اکبر اِلٰہ آبادی اور علّامہ اقبال کی فکری مماثلتیں
This paper discusses the common ideas found in the poetry of Akbar Ilahabadi and Allama Iqbal, two important Urdu poets who wrote during British rule in India. Although their styles were different. Akbar used humor and satire, while Iqbal used deep and serious language. They both wanted to help Muslims wake up and improve their condition. Akbar criticized how Muslims were copying Western culture without understanding it, especially through English education and lifestyle. He believed this was making them forget their own religion and traditions. Iqbal, after studying in the West, saw the spiritual emptiness in Western life and encouraged Muslims to return to their roots through self-awareness (KHUDI), love for God and the Prophet (ISHQ) and independent thinking (IJTIHAD). Both poets wanted to protect Islamic values, improve the Muslim education system, and inspire people to think deeply about their identity. Even though their ways of writing were different, their goal was the same to guide Muslims towards self-respect, unity, and revival.
Akbar Ilahabadi, Allama Iqbal, Muslim identity, Western Influence, Islamic Values, Cultural Revival, Urdu Poetry, Spiritual Awakening
محمد قلی قطب شاہ کی شاعری کا لسانیاتی مطالعہ
Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah was the first Urdu poet who composed his poetry book in the form of Diwan (A poetry book in which odes are composed in alphabetical order). He was a prominent figure of the late sixteenth century and is considered one of the pioneers of Urdu poetry in the Deccan region. His contribution to Urdu literature is particularly notable for introducing a structured and literary format that had, until then, been associated primarily with Persian poets. Inspired by the classical Persian tradition, he adopted the alphabetical arrangement of odes, which was a novel and innovative step in Urdu literary history. According to Dr. Mahayuddin Qadri Zore, Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah’s Diwan contains nearly 50,000 verses, showcasing his prolific poetic output and linguistic mastery. The language used by Qutab Shah is known as Dakani Urdu, a historical dialect that predates modern standard Urdu by several centuries. Being more than 400 years old, this variant of Urdu is significantly different from contemporary usage in terms of phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics. A detailed linguistic analysis of his work reveals that his vocabulary consists primarily of three distinct categories: (1) words derived from Sanskrit, (2) Arabic and Persian vocabulary, and (3) compound expressions formed through the fusion of Arabic and Persian elements with local Indian dialects. This unique linguistic synthesis reflects the rich multicultural environment of the Deccan Sultanate and highlights Muhammad Quli’s poetic ingenuity. This article aims to explore and underline the distinctive linguistic features of Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah’s language. By examining his poetic diction, structural innovations, and linguistic diversity, the study attempts to place his work within the broader historical context of Urdu’s evolution and literary formation.
Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah, Diwan, Dakani Urdu, Linguistic Analysis, Persian Influence, Sanskrit Vocabulary, Arabic-Persian Hybrid, Sixteenth Century Urdu Poetry, Deccan Literature, Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics.
مثنوی’’گلشن راز جدید‘‘: اسلوبیاتی اور فکری تجزیہ
The Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed is one of Allama Iqbal’s profound poetics works that reflects his intellectual depth, spiritual insight and philosophical mastery. This paper investigates Iqbal’s poetic technique and style in Gulshan-e-Raz Jadeed, highlighting the integration of classical Persian poetic tradition with modern philosophical discourse. The study analyzes how Iqbal employs the question-answer format to structure his verses, creating a dialogic framework that facilitates deeper reflection and cognitive engagement. His style combines symbolism, metaphor and powerful imagery to convey complex spiritual and philosophical ideas with clarity and eloquence. The paper further explores Iqbal’s diction, rhythm, and use of Persianised vocabulary in Urdu to create a distinct aesthetic resonance, while maintaining intellectual rigour. His poetic style in this work reflects his ability to synthesise Sufi mystical themes with modern Islamic revivalist thought, creating poetry that transcends time and culture. The research concludes that Iqbal’s poetic technique in Gulshan-e-Raz Jadeed is not merely aesthetic but a strategic intellectual tool to revive Islamic consciousness, selfhood, and critical awakening in his readers. This study contributes to understanding how Iqbal’s unique poetic style in Gulshan-e-Raz Jadeed enhances its philosophical depth, establishing it as a masterpiece in modern Islamic and Urdu literature.
Iqbal, Gulshan-e-Raz Jadeed, Poetic Technique, Symbolism, Islamic Revivalism
صفدر زیدی کے ناول "بھاگ بھری" کا مذہبی اور سیاسی بیانیوں کے تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Nuclearization and extremism are intricately linked to racial, linguistic, and religious sectarianism. In countries where clandestine forces exploit religious education to manipulate children's minds, stripping them of innocence and turning them into savages, sectarian and political biases become so entrenched that third-party interests can capitalize on them. Terrorism and suicide bombings are manifestations of a fanatical mindset, fueled by training that numbs young minds to guilt. The escalating tensions and extremism between Pakistan and India are also driven by these very sectarian, political and linguistic prejudices, further exacerbated by clerics and pundits. In this context, Safdar Zaidi's novel "Bhag Bhari" sheds light on the covert agencies that sow seeds of sectarianism and violent ideologies among the youth, serving specific agendas.Through its narrative, the novel exposes the dark reality of madrasses and extremist groups and their involvement in brainwashing young minds to perpetrate violence and terrorism.The article also discusses the novel’s futuristic and realistic aspects, which depict the devastating consequences of nuclear war and environmental pollution.Overall, the novel serves as a warning about the danger of extremism and the importance of promoting peace and understanding between nations.
Nuclearization,Sectarianism, Safdar Zaidi, Bhag Bhari, Extremism, Terrorism, Madrasses, Extremist Groups, Nuclear War, Environmental Pollution, Violence
اُردو زبان میں اصطلاحات سازی: تاریخ، رجحانات اور مسائل
This paper explores the evolution and methodology of terminology formation (istilahāt sāzī) in the Urdu language, emphasizing its importance for intellectual and linguistic modernization in response to advancements in science, technology, and global communication. Beginning with colonial-era reforms and institutions like Fort William College and Osmania University, and continuing through post-independence efforts in Pakistan, the study examines various approaches to term creation—ranging from Arabic-Persian derivation to English borrowings and hybrid methods reflecting Urdu’s diverse character. It analyzes linguistic processes such as compounding, affixation, and semantic adaptation, and argues for terminology that is context-sensitive, user-friendly, and culturally relevant. The paper ultimately advocates for a collaborative, interdisciplinary, and future-oriented strategy to ensure that Urdu terminology remains authentic yet practically applicable in contemporary academic and social contexts.
Urdu Terminology, Istilahāt Sāzī, Linguistic Modernization, Scientific Vocabulary in Urdu, Language Planning, Compound Terms
پیرل زبیرانی: براہوئی شاعری میں منظر نگاری کے امام
This research article explores the unparalleled contribution of Pir Mohammad Piral Zubairani as the foremost poet of nature and scenography in Brahui literature. Zubairani stands out as a pioneering literary figure who masterfully captures the diverse landscapes, changing weathers, majestic mountains, blooming gardens, and vibrant sceneries of Balochistan in vivid poetic detail. Through his refined aesthetic sense and acute observational power, he transforms natural elements into central motifs of expression rather than mere backdrops. The study reveals how Zubairani’s poetry, deeply rooted in the geography and spirit of Balochistan, sets a new standard in the artistic depiction of environment within Brahui verse. His poetic imagery not only mirrors the external world but also conveys a deep emotional and cultural resonance. By analyzing his major poems, this paper positions Zubairani as the leading voice of ecological and scenic representation in Brahui literature, whose work has expanded both the thematic depth and visual richness of the modern Brahui ghazal.
Brahui poetry, Piral Zubairani, Nature imagery, Spring, landscape, Balochistan, Season.
محمد حمید شاہد کے افسانوی مجموعہ”سانس لینے میں درد ہوتا ہے“ کا سانحاتی تناظر میں تجزیہ
The presented text offers a comprehensive critical analysis of Muhammad Hameed Shahid’s short stories from his acclaimed collection "Saas Lene Mein Dard Hota Hai", published in 2019. Central to the discussion is the story "Quetta Mein Kuchlak", which reflects the post-9/11 socio-political landscape of Pakistan, particularly the deteriorating security and ethnic tensions in Balochistan. Through an introspective and unnamed narrator, Shahid masterfully captures the pervasive fear, identity crisis, and human vulnerability in a region transformed by terrorism, state surveillance, and linguistic division. The metaphor of "Guwanko" symbolizes the internalization of fear and the alienation from one’s own identity. In addition, the analysis extends to other stories in the collection—"Baqi Umar Izafi Hai", "Khooni Lamha Waqt-e-Laam Bachon Ka", "Aik Musalsal Zargasht", "Saas Lene Mein Dard Hota Hai", and "Jang Mein Mohabbat Ki Tasveer Nahin Banti"—each unraveling various dimensions of individual and collective trauma. These narratives explore themes such as psychological disintegration, maternal agony, corruption, war-induced displacement, and the tragic loss of children in terrorist attacks. Whether addressing existential despair, institutional failure, or the collapse of human connection, Shahid’s stories weave a layered and symbolic tapestry of postmodern Pakistani life. Overall, this critique reveals how Muhammad Hameed Shahid uses fiction as a means to document national tragedies and intimate suffering, crafting stories that stand at the intersection of memory, politics, identity, and humanity. His fiction resonates as both a personal lament and a socio-political commentary, offering a profound meditation on what it means to live, suffer, and survive in a fractured, fear-ridden world.
Tragedies, Post-9/11 Impacts, Crisis of Identity, State Oppression, Fear and Insecurity, Terrorism, Internal and External Politics, Collective and Individual Tragedies, Memory and Nostalgia, Psychological Conflict, Philosophy of Life and Death, War and Migration, Killing of Innocent Children, Aesthetics and Reality, Existential Crisis, Social Inequality
الطاف فاطمہ کے افسانوں کے خواتین کرداروں کا نفسیاتی جائزہ
Through her characters, Altaf Fatimah, a feminist, identifies Kurdish issues and problems. She explores the internal struggles of women through her characters.It presents the inner and psychological qualities of feelings and external situations. Altaf Fatima was very sad to see her civilization disintegrate. She felt the inner third of the individual in a life free from chaos and turmoil. How much on Hamadism, industrial development, scientific revolution on artificiality and artificial life, tradition from millennia and time. Circulation has created the form of human connections and disconnection. It has made it. The reason is that people are useless like superfluous objects. Altaf Fatima presents women in her stories as a worker. Because for her, women are not just a means of entertainment. Rather, she brings out the need and importance of women and their place and status in society with specificity. She wrote very meticulously on the psychological problems of women.
Psychological Qualities of Feelings, External Situations, Internal Struggle of Women, Psychological Problems of women, Importance of Women
It is through civilization that the identity of humans and society becomes possible. Speaking of Egyptian civilization, it was one of the most advanced civilizations of its time. Surrounded by deserts of sand, its grandeur was continuously increasing rather than diminishing. People used to come to its markets for trade. The Egyptian civilization was unique in its nature. Even after becoming part of the Islamic empire, it continued to flourish. However, its decline began as a result of British colonialism, marking the beginning of a new era in Egypt. Civilization has come into existence through social and social factors. Which is the reason for the promotion of taqwafat. Culture is a translation of the way of life, ways and thoughts of the people living in any society. In the form of industry and agriculture, the way, language, culture, social relations, lifestyle, habits and customs, wisdom and philosophy, knowledge and literature, religion and ideology, love and affection can be seen as different elements of civilization. There are many types of civilizations in the world, such as Hindu civilization, Chinese civilization, European civilization, Greek civilization, Western civilization, etc. All these civilizations embarked on the path of development in a particular era. They developed well and earned their own good reputation during this period. These civilizations saw both rise and fall. Obviously, when things exceed a certain limit and justice, fairness, honesty, law, etc. are taken away, then their decline begins. Then their name is limited to history and the past. And then new civilizations have come into existence in the place of these civilizations. Egyptian civilization is also a very ancient civilization in terms of history. Egypt is a country located in the northwest of the African continent and the Sinai Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is one million one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven square kilometers.
Civilization, Human, Society, Egyptian Civilization, Deserts of Sand, Diminishing, Islamic Empire, British Colonialism
Dr. Rabia Sarfaraz (Corresponding Author)
’’میری ذات ذرہ بے نشان‘‘بطور لسانی استعماریت
In the popular novels of Umera Ahmed, there is frequent use of English words, which is not having a positive impact on the Urdu language and Pakistani society. This linguistic imperialism is not only introducing the English language but also transferring their cultural, social, political, and economic ideologies to our younger generation. As a result, a sense of inferiority is developing within our nation, and we are becoming subservient to them in every sphere of life. We begin to consider our religion, social values, and culture as inferior. Urdu is our identity, and the English nation seeks to erase that identity. Linguistic imperialism in language and literature is weakening the very roots of our culture. In Pakistani society, especially in Urdu literature, there is a significant use of English words in contemporary literary works. Umera Ahmed, in her novel "Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan", extensively uses English vocabulary. In this novel, she incorporates English words into the text in various ways — not only by writing them in the English language but also by rendering them phonetically in Urdu script. One of the distinctive features of her style is that she narrates the story using the everyday language spoken in Pakistani society. In Pakistani culture, the Urdu and Punjabi languages commonly used in daily conversation are heavily infused with English vocabulary. Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan presents a form of Urdu that reflects this linguistic reality, blending numerous English terms into the narrative.
Social Groupings, Imperialism, British Colonialism, Linguistic Imperialism, Linguists, Monopoly, Inferiority Complex, Pakistani Society, Colonies
عبداللہ حسین کے ناولٹ ” قید “ کا تجزیاتی جائزہ
In the decade of 1970s Abdullah Hussain was one of the important names who cleansed Urdu of supernatural elements and made it an embodiment of human society. In his novelet “Kaid” (captivity), the word “Kaid” has been used as a central symbol and never loses its grip on the character of the story. In this novel he uses religion and mullah’s character’s influence on the politics and society of the Subcontinent as a basic concept as to how the feudalist and affluent segments of the society exploit the poor people and also how the male dominant society keeps the woman under control. All the primary and secondary characters of this novel show the society in its true colors where loot, plunder and greed are the order of the day. The following article is an effort to throw light on the thematic and artistic qualities of the novelist.
Abdullah Hussain, Novelet, Kaid, Character, Feudal System, Society
T.S. Eliot’s renowned modernist poem The Waste Land (1922) stands as a multifaceted literary work that reflects the cultural, spiritual, and existential crisis of the 20th century. This paper explores the diverse dimensions of the poem, focusing on its symbolic, thematic, psychological, intertextual, and cultural elements. Through the metaphor of a "waste land," Eliot presents a world that is materially advanced yet spiritually barren. The poem draws on various religious traditions, mythologies, and literary references—including Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and classical Western texts—to portray the disintegration of human values and spiritual identity after World War I. Divided into five sections, The Waste Land encapsulates different human experiences such as memory, desire, alienation, moral decay, and the hope for spiritual renewal. Eliot's use of fragmented structure, free verse, and multiple languages reinforces the disjointed condition of modern existence. Female representation, existential angst, and the breakdown of meaningful communication are central to the poem, making it relevant to both gender and psychological criticism. This research emphasizes the poem’s global literary significance and its impact on Urdu literature. By analyzing the voices of Urdu critics such as Dr. Wazir Agha, Saleem Ahmad, and Rafiq Khawar, the study also highlights the poem’s influence on modern Urdu poetry. Ultimately, The Waste Land is not merely a poetic lamentation of modern despair, but a profound exploration of humanity's spiritual void and its quest for meaning in a fragmented world.
The Waste Land, Modernism, Symbolism, Spiritual Emptiness, Cultural Decline, Intertextuality, New Poetic Techniques, Free Verse, Exploitation of Women, Psychological Analysis, Impact of World War I
آپ بیتی ”گئے دن کی مسافت “ فکری و فنی خدو خال
Autobiography generally refers to the arrangement of life events in which the author proudly mentions their family and personal experiences. Shahid Hamid's excellence lies in the way he has maintained simplicity and sincerity in his autobiography, making it seem like a truthful narrative. The events are presented in such a dramatic style that they take the shape of fiction. The style of the autobiography is easy to understand, and the reader doesn't feel bored at any point. Apart from the central characters, secondary characters, religious movements, political movements, students' political activism, and political activities are presented in such a beautiful way that the autobiography reflects the colours of history. The way events are presented, it seems as if the author has contained it in a nutshell. Specifically, the events of the freedom movement and post-partition, educational system, and post-migration circumstances perfectly reflect the stages Pakistan went through and the sacrifices made. Generally, autobiographies are a complete reflection of the era's events and circumstances. They provide a personal perspective, offering insights into historical events, cultural norms, and societal values of the time, enriching our understanding. Shahid Hamid's autobiography is a remarkable example of this۔
Autobiography, Shahid Hameed, Critical Analysis, Language and Expression, Religious Undertones, Idiomatic Sayings ,Style, Jalandhar
فردوس انور قاضی کے ناول’’خواب کہانی‘‘ کا تحقیق جائزہ
Dr. Firdous Anwar Qazi is known as a reliable reference in the fiction and non fictional field of Urdu literature. She gained fame primarily as a fiction writer, but her research and critical articles also needs no introduction. She has also emerged as a novelist. Her novel “Khawab Kahani” is a novel based on political, ideological and social themes, which simultaneously includes different literary trends. All the elements of a good novel are intgrated in such a way that it be come a complete Unit. The purpose of life is explained in the novel and intellectual and creative energy is spent for betterment of the younger generation. Due to the deep thoughts of the subject n the novel of Dr. Firdous, the uniqueners of the charaeters, the simplicity of the narrations, the trends of realism and the beauty of naturalism made her novel stand out in the literature.This article will present a research review of the novel, highlighting its importance and Uniqueness.
Novel, Fiction, Research, Critic, Style, Realism, Naturalism, Society, Patriotism, Motivational
فیض احمد فیض کی فارسی شناسی کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
Persian language and literature, be it verse or prose, has always been a favorite for people. In this way, Faiz Ahmad Faiz has also been captivated by the influence of this literature. All of Faiz's Urdu words have an immense use of Persian techniques. In addition, most of the titles of Faiz's work are in Persian techniques, for example: The manuscripts are Wafa, Naqsh-e-Frayadi, Dast-e-Saba, Dast-Tah-Sang, Zindan-Nama, Sir-Wadi-Sina, Sham-i-Shahryar-Aran, Ghbar-e-Iyam, Mata-e-Loh-W-Kalen, Mal-W-Sal-Ashnai and Mizan. In addition, most of Faiz’s poetry and prose collections have some Persian poem at the beginning. Then there are also poems that are completely Persian, sometimes complete Persian verses. Persian poems also give assurances and hints. Many places in the prose collections mention the importance and position of Persian language and literature.Faiz Ahmed Faiz also translated many parts of "Pyam-e-Mashriq" at the request of Iqbal Academy on the centenary celebration of Allama Iqbal and there is also an Urdu translation of the Persian ghazal of "Uthman Haruni" at the end of "Nuskha Haye Wafa.”
Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Poetry, Prose, Persian Studies, Persian Influences, Analytical Study
This article reads the Ghazal of Farzana Farhat, a prominent name among the modern women of Pakistan. His ghazal have been discussed in the context of modern symbolic thought. His ghazals are the modern and traditional meaning of compassion, human sympathy, sadness and loneliness, closeness to nature. This is because of their symbolic style which makes their poetry meaningful. The symbolic use of the word besides traditional poetic tools highlights their contemporary sensibility. From the overall study of his lyrics, fire, bird, moon, earth, flower, wind, planet, soil, tree, city, sun, evening and eye can be extracted whose meanings are not traditional but based on their inner sense. In terms of Farzana Farhat's symbolic system, it has become clear that his meaningful expansion is a story of passing through the bitter realities of life, in which there are bitterness of life, there is a profound effect of grief, deprivation and suffering. Where the combination of ancient and modern has created such a refreshment, which is not found here by his predecessor poets, the expectation of any art is determined by his modern sense, Farzana farhat is a Urdu poet in Britain. All of your collections are well received in the literary circles of Britain and in the poetry of Pakistan the canvas of his poetry is a combination of modern and ancient, he has a unique place to create new meanings from the traditional words.
Symbol, Symbolic, Modern Poetry, Feelings, Symbolism
مصطفیٰ زیدی کی مستعملہ بحور کا عروضی مطالعہ
This article entitled “The Prosodic Study of Mustafa Zaidi's Meters “is an effort to understand the Prosodic system used by the poet Mustafa Zaidi in his Kulayat. Mustafa Zaidi is a renowned poet of Urdu literature; he used meters with excellence and his poetry contained extraordinary poetic qualities which made him distinguish in the history of Urdu literature. He used Urdu meters with ease and great mastery and utilize most of the meters available in Urdu poetry. Mustafa Zaidi used various form of urdu poetry like Gazal, Nazam and Rubai with equal ease. His diction of poetry is in classic traditional language. The subject of the poetry mostly revolved around romantic themes, migration and Marxist ideology. Mustafa Zaidi’s life was full of mystery, controversary and his love life entangled him into many problems. This study will help to understand the system of Aruz available in Urdu language and will guide the students and researchers on this subject and also shed light into the experiment did by Mustafa Zaidi while using Aruz. As per this research the favorite meter of Mustafa Zaid is Bara Ramal Musamman Makhboon Mehzoof. This article also explains all the meter used by Mustafa Zaidi and segregated his poetry as per meters.
Prosody, Meter, Weight, Lyrics, Form, Aruz, Tempo, Melody, Rhythms, Patterns, Aahang, Poems, Gazals, Rebait