"Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a HEC Approved in Y category journal of Urdu Language & Literature. "Research Journal Tahqeeqat" is a bi-lingual, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access publication. It is distributed by Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(R), Pakistan. Its main aim is to provide a platform for research scholars to publish their good-quality research papers. Research Journal focuses the literary research and modern trends of criticism in the subject of Urdu Language, Linguistics, and Literature.
Passion Research Institute of Social Sciences(Private) Limited
عورت، فطرت اور قربانی: پہاڑی سفرناموں میں ماحولیاتی نسائی مطالعہ
This paper examines the interrelationship between women, nature, and sacrifice in mountain travelogues from an ecofeminist perspective. It argues that in mountainous societies, women are not merely passive social actors but active, resilient, and indispensable figures who maintain a deep and continuous connection with their natural environment. Their everyday lives are marked by struggle, endurance, and sacrifice, shaped by difficult geographical conditions, limited resources, and demanding social responsibilities. Through close reading of travel writing, it becomes evident that women are often portrayed both as symbols of natural beauty and harmony and as individuals who negotiate physical hardship, economic burdens, and restrictive cultural traditions. The study further highlights that ecofeminist discourse helps in understanding how both women and nature are subjected to similar processes of marginalization, exploitation, and control. This shared experience establishes a symbolic as well as material connection between the two, where the oppression of nature parallels, the social constraints placed on women. In mountain communities, women play a crucial role in sustaining household economies, agricultural practices, and communal life. Their labor, patience, and resilience contribute not only to family survival but also to maintaining ecological balance and environmental sustainability. Thus, travel writers often construct women as powerful metaphors of endurance and ecological harmony. However, this representation also reveals the tension between romanticized portrayals of women as part of nature and their lived realities of hardship and constraint. Overall, the paper concludes that women in mountain travelogues embody both strength and vulnerability, and their representation contributes significantly to broader discussions on ecofeminism, cultural identity, and sustainable social order.
Ecofeminism, Women, Nature, Sacrifice, Mountain Societies, Travel Writing, Struggle, Cultural Identity
پنجاب اسمبلی میں فیض احمدفیض:انقلاب ،انصاف اور امید کے اشعار
This article examines the political and rhetorical significance of Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s poetry in the Punjab Assembly. Recognized as one of the most influential poets of the twentieth century, Faiz combined romanticism with revolutionary thought, articulating themes of social justice, resistance, and hope. The study explores how members of the Punjab Assembly have employed his verses to enrich parliamentary debates, express public grievances, and highlight issues such as inequality, oppression, and unfulfilled promises of independence. Through selected examples from assembly proceedings, the article demonstrates that Faiz’s poetry functions as a powerful discursive tool, enhancing the emotional appeal and persuasive force of political speeches. It further argues that the continued relevance of his poetry reflects its universal and timeless nature. Ultimately, the article underscores the role of literary expression in shaping political consciousness and strengthening democratic values within parliamentary traditions.
Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Punjab Assembly, Revolutionary Poetry, Social Justice, Political Discourse, Parliamentary Debates, Resistance Literature, Democratic Values, Public Representation, Urdu Poetry
رحمن عباس کے ناول’’روحزن‘‘میں روح اور جسم کے مکالمے کی معنوی تشکیل: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This study examines the semantic construction of the dialogue between soul and body in “Rohzin” by Rehman Abbas. The novel portrays characters whose inner selves are wounded by familial neglect, emotional deprivation, and social pressures, leading them to seek healing through physical intimacy. The protagonist, Israr, experiences early sexual exposure and navigates love, identity, and existential conflict within the culturally diverse setting of Mumbai.Through characters such as Muhammad Ali, Shanti, and Yusuf, the narrative reveals that sexuality is not merely a bodily act but a response to psychological trauma and fractured identities. The tragic culmination of Israr and Hina’s relationship symbolizes the failure of the body to fully compensate for the wounds of the soul. Thus, the novel presents the soul–body dialogue as a complex interplay of desire, trauma, and existential longing, where physical union ultimately intensifies inner fragmentation rather than resolving it.
Soul–Body Dialogue, Sexuality, Existential Crisis, Psychological Trauma, Identity Formation
اختر شیرانی کی غیر رومانوی شاعری کا مطالعہ
This research article explores the non-romantic dimensions of Akhtar Sharani’s poetry highlighting its intellectual depth social consciousness and aesthetic complexity. While Sharani is widely celebrated as a romantic poet this research article argues that his non-romantic verse presents a profound engagement with existential anxieties human suffering and socio-cultural contradictions. His poetry reflects themes of disillusionment fragility of life, and psychological conflict articulated through a deceptively simple yet symbolically rich style. The study examines selected poems to demonstrate how Sharani transforms personal emotion into a broader philosophical inquiry. His treatment of love and spirituality reveals an interplay between romantic imagination and realistic perception. Moreover, his poetic imagery and narrative voice expose moral decline social tensions, and inner fragmentation. The research situates Sharani within a wider Urdu literary tradition emphasizing his role as a thinker beyond romanticism. Ultimately, his non-romantic poetry emerges as a space of reflective resistance and intellectual awakening, inviting readers toward critical contemplation.
Akhtar Sharani, Non-romantic Poetry, Urdu Literature, Existentialism, Social Consciousness, Realism, Symbolism, Aesthetics, Human Psychology, Literary Analysis
اردو غزل کے فروغ میں ماہنامہ ’’قومی زبان ‘‘ کراچی کا حصہ
This article presents an overview of the definition, evolution, and semantic breadth of the Urdu ghazal, explaining that the ghazal is not merely a poetic form but an effective and subtle medium for expressing human inner states, emotions, thought, mysticism, politics, sociology, and existential questions. The article highlights the importance of the ghazal through references to Rashid Ahmed Siddiqui and Rafiuddin Hashmi. Furthermore, the monthly journal "Qaumi Zaban" is given a key role in the promotion of the Urdu ghazal, as it has enriched this genre academically and literarily by publishing research and critical articles. Moreover, the article presents an analysis of the poetry of three major poets Saba Akbarabadi, Qateel Shifai, and Nasir Kazmi whose ghazals prominently feature themes such as mysticism, social consciousness, political awareness, the sorrow of migration, loneliness, and hope. Thus, this paper highlights the cultural, intellectual, and artistic tradition of the Urdu ghazal, establishing it as a living and dynamic literary genre. The article concludes that all these articles published in "Qaumi Zaban" are of immense significance for the promotion of Urdu ghazal and the broader development of Urdu literature.
Urdu Ghazal, Qaumi Zaban, Literary Genre, Mysticism, Social Consciousness, Political Awareness, Existentialism, Saba Akbarabadi, Qateel Shifai, Nasir Kazmi, Migration, Loneliness, Hope, Urdu Poetry
پاکستانی اُردو افسانے میں سیاسی مزاحمتی رجحانات
This research article explores the emergence and evolution of political resistance in Pakistani Urdu fiction, situating it within the traumatic historical context of the Partition of India in 1947. The Partition is examined not merely as a political event but as a profound civilizational rupture that reshaped identities, cultures, and collective consciousness. The resulting violence, displacement, and moral disintegration compelled Urdu fiction writers to transform narrative art into a vehicle of ethical inquiry and resistance. Through symbolic, allegorical, and psychological modes of expression, these writers articulated dissent against systemic oppression, social injustice, and ideological manipulation. The analysis highlights how prominent fiction writers employ narrative strategies to expose the brutality of power structures and the fragility of human values. Texts such as Toba Tek Singh and Anandi reveal the crisis of identity and the absurdity of political divisions, while other works foreground internalized fear, silence, and symbolic protest as forms of resistance. The study further examines how class conflict, feudal dominance, and postcolonial state formation contributed to a sustained tradition of literary resistance. Moreover, this research article underscores the role of gendered experiences, particularly the representation of women’s suffering, as a critique of societal and political violence. The findings indicate that Pakistani Urdu fiction serves as a powerful medium of resistance, fostering critical consciousness, exposing injustice, and preserving collective memory. It not only reflects trauma but actively challenges oppressive structures, establishing literature as a vital force for socio-political awareness and humanistic resistance.
معاصراردو ناول: جنسیت کی ادبی پیشکش ،فکری جہات اورسماجی مظاہر
This study explores the representation of sexuality in the contemporary Urdu novel, examining its literary, ideological, and socio-cultural dimensions. It argues that sexuality is not merely depicted as a biological instinct but is intricately woven into the historical, cultural and social fabric of society. The analysis highlights how novelists engage with sexuality in relation to pressing social issues, including the lived realities of marginalized groups such as courtesans, and the broader dynamics of power and exploitation. Furthermore, the study investigates how sexuality is represented as a reflection of socio-economic structures, particularly in the context of capitalist and feudal systems, where it often becomes a tool of domination and control. The role of patriarchal forces in shaping and exploiting sexual narratives is also critically examined. At the same time, the paper identifies instances in certain novels where the portrayal of sexuality appears excessive or commercially driven, serving either the writer’s personal gratification or the reader’s sensational interests. By situating sexuality within multiple interpretive frameworks, this study demonstrates that its representation in contemporary Urdu fiction is complex, layered, and deeply embedded in ideological and social realities.
Contemporary Urdu Novel، Sexuality, Literary Representation، Ideological Dimensions, Social Realities، Patriarchy, Sexual Exploitation
دبستانِ سرگودھا اور دبستانِ لاہور کے انشائیہ نگاروں کا تقابل
This research article presents a comprehensive comparative study of two influential movements in the history of the Urdu Inshaia (light essay): the Sargodha School of Thought and the Lahore School of Thought. Through an analytical lens, the study explores the ideological, thematic, stylistic, and technical divergences that define these two schools of thought. The Sargodha School of Thought, pioneered by Dr. Wazir Agha, is characterized by its deep-rooted connection with nature, a romanticist ideological framework, and a commitment to the principle of "non-finality" (open-endedness), where the essay serves as an aesthetic and internal exploration of the self. In contrast, the Lahore School of Thought, represented by stalwarts such as Mashkoor Hussain Yad and Nazir Siddiqui, steers the genre toward social realism, psychological depth, and biting satire. This school views the Inshaia as a tool for intellectual discourse and moral reflection, often concluding with definitive logical results. By examining the works of key figures from both regions, this article highlights how the lyrical and aesthetic approach of Sargodha of Thought and the argumentative and reformist approach of Lahore of Thought have collectively enriched Urdu prose, providing a balanced representation of both the beauty of the cosmos and the harsh complexities of human society.
Urdu Inshaia, Sargodha School, Lahore School, Dr. Wazir Agha, Mashkoor Hussain Yad, Literary Comparison, Urdu Prose, Satire and Humor, Aestheticism, Social Realism, Psychological Insight, Stylistics
ڈاکٹر سہیل احمد خاں کی نثری کتب میں متذکرہ فرانسیسی مشاہیر
Dr. Sohail Ahmad Khan was a prominent and unique critic of Urdu literature as well as international literature. He had a vast knowledge of different literatures of the world. He wrote brilliant critical books and essays on international literature and enhanced the vision and knowledge of readers regarding Urdu literature and international literature. His critical work not only enhances the vision and knowledge of its readers but also creates a thought -provoking process in his readers’ minds. In his critical work, many famous French personalities have been discussed. These prominent French personalities belong to different fields of life, like poetry, prose, science, Philosophy, psychology, art, music, theater, sociology and politics. The theories, faiths, beliefs and points of view of these French personalities have a deep influence on Urdu literature and are also well recognized internationally. Dr. Sohail Ahmad Khan introduces the wider ideologies of these different pivotal personalities and their impact on Urdu literature and international literature. When we study the critical work of Dr. Sohail Ahmad Khan in reference to French personalities, we can say that he gleaned the views of these scholars. Dr. Sohail Ahmad Khan tries his best to convey the ideas and vision of these eminent personalities to his Urdu literature readers.
Dr. Sohail Ahmad Khan, French Personalities, Critical Theories, International Literature.
عابد علی عابد کی کتاب ’’ شعرِ اقبال “ کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
This research article presents a comprehensive critical and analytical study of Syed Abid Ali Abid's seminal work, Sher-e-Iqbal (The Poetry of Iqbal). While traditional Iqbalian scholarship has predominantly focused on the poet's philosophical message, socio-political vision, and religious reformism, Abid Ali Abid shifts the paradigm toward the aesthetic, technical, and linguistic excellence of Iqbal's verse. The article explores the book’s tripartite structure: the historical-cultural backdrop of Muslim decline in the subcontinent; the intellectual revolution triggered by Iqbal's journey to Europe—including a unique psychological analysis of his "sense of loneliness" and its creative sublimation; and the intricate mechanics of his poetic expression. Central to this study is Abid’s masterful application of classical Eastern rhetoric (Ma’ani, Bayan, and Badi) to Iqbal’s modern thought, demonstrating how the poet utilized artistic devices like metaphors, brevity (Ijaz), and suggestion (Khayal Afroozi) to immortalize his philosophy. The research highlights Abid’s re-evaluation of Iqbal's symbols—such as the Shaheen (Eagle), Lala (Tulip), and Qalandar—revealing how they serve as dynamic vehicles for self-realization (Khudi). The article concludes that Abid Ali Abid’s work is an indispensable document that bridges the gap between philosophy and art, establishing a new standard for aesthetic criticism in Urdu literature and providing a profound understanding of the creative consciousness of the "Poet of the East."
Iqbal Studies, Syed Abid Ali Abid, Sher-e-Iqbal, Urdu Literary Criticism, Aesthetic Criticism, Poetic Craftsmanship, Psychological Sublimation, Symbolism & Metaphor, Creative Expression, Classical Rhetoric
یوسف حسین خان کی کتاب’’روحِ اقبال “کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ
This research article presents a comprehensive critical and analytical study of Dr. Yusuf Hussain Khan’s seminal work, Rooh-e-Iqbal (The Spirit of Iqbal). Since its first publication in 1944, this book has been regarded as a cornerstone of Iqbalian scholarship, providing a systematic and organic framework to understand the complex intellectual landscape of Allama Iqbal. The study examines Khan’s unique tripartite division of Iqbal’s thought into Art (Aesthetics), Civilization (Socio-Political thought), and Religion (Metaphysics). The article delves into how Yusuf Hussain Khan explores the "creative fire" (Soz-e-Daroon) and aesthetic mastery of Iqbal, while simultaneously connecting his concept of Khudi (Selfhood) to the نامیاتی (organic) relationship between the individual and the Muslim community (Millat). A significant portion of the study is dedicated to Khan’s interpretation of Iqbal’s philosophy of history, specifically the Quranic principles governing the rise and fall of nations and the reconstruction of Islamic political and economic systems. Furthermore, the study analyzes the metaphysical discourses on Time, Destiny, and the spiritual significance of the Miraj (Ascension). While acknowledging modern critical perspectives that view the book as primarily descriptive, this research concludes that Rooh-e-Iqbal remains an indispensable primary source that elevated Iqbalian studies to a global academic standard, bridging the gap between classical Islamic tradition and modern Western philosophy.
Iqbal Studies, Dr. Yusuf Hussain Khan, Rooh-e-Iqbal, Selfhood, Urdu Literary Criticism, Islamic Civilization, Metaphysics and Religion, Philosophy of Art, Rise and Fall of Nations, Modern Urdu Prose
The novel, short story, and novelette are all diverse forms of storytelling in which various conditions, behaviors, and states of human life and society are artistically presented with creative awareness. Urdu novelette writers have portrayed the issues and themes of urban life with artistic skill. In cities, where modern facilities for health and education are abundant, employment opportunities are greater, and entertainment and comforts are readily available, the population, environmental pollution, and crime rates are also higher. The outward face of cities appears bright, yet the inner darkness occasionally reveals itself. Urdu novelette writers have examined the different dimensions, forms, and conditions of urban life on both artistic and intellectual levels and have presented them through characters in the form of stories. This research paper focuses on the portrayal of urban life in the Urdu novelette.
Novelette, City, Civilization, Culture, Amenities, Population, Crime, Migration, Alienation, Fashion.
سائرہ اقبال کے ناول ’’مستم‘‘ کا فکری و فنی جائزہ
"Mustam," presents a deep examination of the spiritual journey and the mysterious essence of Divine Love (Ishq-e-Haqiqi). The plot traverses the subtle boundary between earthly life and the metaphysical domain, following the transformative experiences of its characters through the perspective of Sufi mysticism. The narrative explores the psychological realms of desire and disenchantment, demonstrating how inner turmoil can serve as a trigger for spiritual enlightenment. A key focus of the work is the concept of self-actualization, wherein characters are compelled to face their inner darkness to reach a heightened level of awareness "Mustam" transcends being simply a story of love or religious fervor; it is a literary reflection on the human experience, striving to articulate the nature of truth in a frequently tumultuous world.
Saira Iqbal, Critical Review, Feminist Issues, Urdu Novel, Religious Ethics
Mythology is a great source of inspiration, it interprets about the creation of the world, human and nature, it is also pointing out the thunder, rain and many more natural disasters. It shows the stories about religious activities and worship style of different religion. It also provides the moral lessons, traditional and cultural values. The history of mythology is as old as human. Mythological stories are the integral part of Urdu short stories. However, these stories have least contribution in Modern Urdu novel accordingly. The real essence of mythology is considered as an important phenomenon in Urdu literature of Subcontinent. In twenty-first century, history is witnessed about the plenty of mythological references and endorsements related to Indian and Pakistani Modern Urdu novels. This research article is consisted in a strong critical analysis and multiple related references of different mythological Urdu novels of contemporary era. This study of mythology will be proved very productive for future researchers and will open different gateways for Modern Urdu Novel in positive manners.
Mythology, Urdu Literature, Mythological Urdu Novel, Twenty-first Century, Modern Novel
اردو نعت میں وحدتِ امہ کے تصورات کا جائزہ ؛منتخب اشعار کی روشنی میں
Urdu Naat is not merely a genre of religious praise but a profound socio-cultural and intellectual manifesto that serves as the bedrock of "Wahdat-e-Ummah" (Unity of the Ummah). This research article explores the thematic evolution of Urdu Naat, analyzing how it transcends individual devotion to become a collective call for Muslim solidarity. By examining selected verses and scholarly sources, the study delves into fundamental concepts such as the Primordial Covenant of Prophets, the Brotherhood of Medina (Muwakhaat), and the elimination of racial and ethnic prejudices through the Prophetic model. The article further investigates contemporary themes of "Ashob-e-Millat" (The Grief of the Nation), focusing on the literary responses to global Muslim crises in Palestine, Kashmir, and Iraq. It highlights how ninteenth and twentieth-century poets, including Allama Iqbal, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, and contemporary voices like Sabih Rehmani, have utilized Naat as a tool for "Istighasa" (supplication for help) and a roadmap for the restoration of the "Nizam-e-Mustafa" (The Prophetic System). The findings suggest that Urdu Naat has evolved into a powerful literary movement that bridges sectarian divides and offers a universal charter of peace, positioning the love for Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as the ultimate catalyst for the reunification and intellectual revival of the Muslim world.
Urdu Naat, Wahdat-e-Ummah, Islamic Solidarity, Prophetic Biography (Seerah), Collective Consciousness, Contemporary Muslim Crises, Global Peace Manifesto, Nizam-e-Mustafa, Istighasa, Literary Movement
This paper presents a comprehensive study of the origin, development and intellectual significance of metaphysical philosophy, with particular reference to its religious, philosophical and literary dimensions. Metaphysics is examined as a foundational branch of philosophy concerned with existence, reality, the nature of the universe, and the ultimate principles underlying visible phenomena. The study highlights the dual nature of metaphysics: its religious aspect, grounded in revelation and faith, and its philosophical aspect, rooted in rational inquiry and intellectual speculation beyond mere sensory experience. Tracing its historical roots, the paper explores the metaphysical thought of ancient Greek philosophy, especially the contributions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and explains how metaphysics evolved from mythological beliefs to systematic philosophical inquiry. Plato’s Theory of Forms and Aristotle’s concept of “First Philosophy” are discussed as central milestones in the metaphysical tradition. The paper further contrasts Western and Eastern approaches, emphasizing that while modern Western thought often confines metaphysics to abstract or speculative domains, Eastern traditions integrate it deeply with spirituality, cosmology, and ethics. The study concludes that metaphysical philosophy remains an enduring and essential mode of inquiry, vital for understanding human existence, intellectual history, and cultural consciousness across ages.
Metaphysics, Ontology, Cosmology, Theology, Metaphysical Poetry
”انتظار حسین: ایک دبستان “پرایک طائرانہ نظر
This article presents a comprehensive critical analysis of the book Intizar Husain: Ek Dabistan (Intizar Hussain: A School of Thought), compiled and edited by Dr. Irtiza Karim. Intizar Hussain stands among those rare personalities in Urdu literature who demonstrated equal mastery across multiple literary forms including short story writing, novel writing, criticism, journalism, and drama. His creative personality was deeply shaped by the trauma of partition, the longing for the past, and the decline of a shared cultural heritage — themes that remain central throughout his entire literary journey. In this two-volume work, Dr. Irtiza Karim examines various dimensions of Intizar Husain's literary personality with remarkable depth and breadth of vision. The very word "Dabistan" (school of thought) signals that Intizar Husain is not merely a writer but the founder of an entire literary tradition and intellectual movement. This represents the first systematic and scholarly attempt in Urdu criticism to elevate a fiction writer to the status of a Dabistan.The essays included in the book shed light on Intizar Husain's short fiction, his celebrated novel Basti, his journalism, and his cultural consciousness. Contributions from numerous writers, critics, and researchers lend this book the character of a collective scholarly endeavor. The book is further distinguished by its inclusion of both analytical and impressionistic pieces. giving it the quality of a rich human document. The article argues that this book is a valuable addition to the tradition of Urdu literary criticism. Its merits far outweigh its shortcomings. For students, researchers, and serious readers of Urdu literature alike, this book serves as an essential reference and ought to be included in the reading list of every sincere student of Urdu literature.
Intizar Husain, Dabistan, Urdu Fiction, Irtiza Karim, Basti, Partition Literature, Urdu Criticism, Literary Tradition, Cultural Identity, Urdu Short Story
جمود بطور وجوہِ زوالِ ِاُمتِ مسلمہ:فکرِ اقبال کی روشنی میں
This abstract deals with the critical view of Allama Muhammad on Stagnation (intellectual and spiritual rigidity) and the role it plays in the downfall of Muslim Ummah. Allama Iqbal strongly opposed stagnation, which according to him is related with blind imitation(taqlid),loss of creative thinking and detatchment from dynamic spirit of Islam,stagnation paralyzes individual and collective will, suppresses Khudi (selfhood), and societies fail to respond to changing historical and intellectual challenges of modern era, Iqbal's critique of stagnation is of great relevance in present day as Muslim societies are still facing the challenges of intellectual inaction and cultural complacency. By revive the principles of Khudi, creative intellect, and moral courage Iqbal provides a framework of transformation for overcoming stagnation and attaining renewal and progress.
Stagnation, Allama Muhammad Iqbal,Muslim Decline,Modernization, Blind Imitation, Intellectual Stagnation
Dr. Anwar Sadeed is regarded as one of the leading figures in Urdu Criticism and research, whose contributions as a literary historian hold a distinguished place in the Historiography of Urdu Literature. His major achievement lies in presenting Urdu Literary History not as a mere sequence of writers and dates but as a reflection of the cultural and social context in which literature evolved. His important works, such as “Mukhtasir Tarikh-e-Urdu Adab” and “Urdu Adab ki Tehreekein”, highlight how literary movements are deeply connected with the intellectual, political, and societal forces of their times. As a critic and historian, Dr. Sadeed emphasized the dynamic relationship between tradition and modernity. He demonstrated that Urdu literature was shaped not only by local cultural and linguistic developments but also by global literary and civilizational influences. His approach made literary historiography an analytical narrative rather than a simple record of events. Thus, his works are both informative and thought-provoking, providing insight into the intellectual evolution of Urdu literature. A notable feature of his scholarship was his academic integrity: careful use of references, accuracy of information, and balanced interpretation of texts. By linking literature with broader research and criticism, he proved that literary history cannot remain confined to individual authors but must be studied in connection with collective thought and socio-cultural transformation. In this way, Dr. Anwar Sadeed gave Urdu Literary History a new critical and intellectual dimension. His contributions continue to serve as essential sources for students, researchers, and critics, establishing him as a pioneering figure in the Historiography of Urdu Literature.
Dr. Anwar Sadeed, Urdu Literary History, Urdu Criticism, Historiography of Urdu Literature, Literary Movements, Tradition and Modernity, Cultural and Social Context, Research and Criticism, Analytical Narrative, Intellectual Evolution
مولانا ظفر علی خان کی نظم نگاری میں ردِ استعماریت
"Maulana Zafar Ali Khan was a prominent, journalist and poet of Sub-Continent. He used his newspaper “Zamindar” for mobilizing native people against British Raj. His poetry based on resistance played pivotal role in independence movement. In his poems, he criticized the colonial power regarding its every action which was causing country’s interests. As poet, Zafar Ali highlighted the points which could be harmful for the people of Hindustan. He always did his best for human rights, women empowerment and economic oppurtunities for common man. His poetry kept the Hindu-Muslim united for struggle of independence. His anti-colonial sentiment presented through his poems, resulted into closeness of newspaper and imprisonment of himself but he carried on exposing ruling power. His powerful voice of poetry gave courage to common people for got freedomfrom foreign invader. He did not hesitate to criticize thelocal politician and others who were supporter of Britishers.This article highlighted the salient features of his poetry."
Colony, Freedom, Independence, Zafar, Zamindar, Hind
محمد قلی قطب شاہ کی شاعری کا اسلوبیاتی مطالعہ
Stylistics is the study of style in language, which encompasses various aspects such as: (1). Lexical choices: word selection and vocabulary.(2). Syntax: sentence structure and organization. (3). Tone: Attitude or emotional tone conveyed through language. (4). Figurative language: Use of Metaphors, similes, and other literary devices.(5). Rhythm and sound: Patterns of sound rhythm, and meter. The main subject of stylistics is the study of language used in literature and poetry. Stylistics analyzes that how language is used in different contexts, such as: Literary text, Everyday conversation, Advertising, and academic writing. By analyzing language style stylistics helps us to understand: (1) Authorial intent (2) Reader/audience engagement, and (3) cultural context.Stylistics is an interdisciplinary field that draws from linguistics, literature and communication studies. Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah is a sixteenth century Urdu poet. His language is almost five hundred years old and is called Dakani Urdu. This is the old form of Urdu which comprises many words and phrases of modern Indo Arian dialects. Like all other poets Muhammad Quli also used the language in his poetry in a creative manner. The stylistic features in his language arise from the usage of foregrounding, deviation from the linguistic norms, grammatical selection, phonetical selection and morphological selection. This creative use of language in his poetry is not only in accordance with the smooth communication of his ideas but also suit the rhythm of his poetry. In this article some of these stylistic features are discussed.
Stylistics, Descriptive Linguistics, Stylistic Features, Linguistic Norms, Grammatical Rules, Words Selection, Deviation, Foregrounding, Phonetics, Morphology, Semantics, Syntax, Meter, Rhythm
Saeed Ashar’s short story collection Nofishing is a significant and nuanced contribution to the tradition of Urdu fiction. This article presents a cultural analysis of the collection, exploring how the author weaves themes of changing social attitudes, class disparities, urban-rural contrasts, and the conflict between tradition and modernity into his narratives. The characters, dialogues, and settings in Nofishing vividly reflect the internal and external dimensions of South Asian particularly Pakistani culture. This study delves into the cultural layers, local color, symbolism, and metaphorical language present in the stories, aiming to interpret the collection not only as a literary work but also as a cultural document. Ultimately, the article argues that Saeed Ashar’s storytelling offers a compelling and meaningful reflection of contemporary cultural realities within the broader context of Urdu literature.
Saeed Ashar,Urdu Short Story,Cultural Criticism,Social Issues,Societal Issues,Realism,Literary Trends,Modern Urdu Literature,Cultural Context.
In this study, the ghazal of Tauseef Tabassum- an eminent poet associated with the postmodern era who emerged during the 1990s- has been examined in the context of scientific knowledge. His ghazal, through its symbolic and metaphorical semantic system, offers new dimensions to knowledge and art. Science is an empirical discipline that considers reality to be measurable, observable, and verificat ion. The Scientific trend of the nineteenth century influenced global intellectual attitudes and declared scientific authority as the sole path to truth. However, the atomic devastation brought about by science divided its worth into two domains: the epistemic and the experimental. From an intellectual and theoretical standpoint, Foucault’s concept of discourse introduces new perspectives for understanding scientific knowledge. Drawing upon these scholarly debates, this study presents a semantic interpretation and explanation of scientific concepts through the ghazal “Asman The-e-Ab”.
Tauseef Tabasum, Postmodern Ghazal, Scientific Epistemology, Symbolism and Metaphor, Discourse Theory, Semantic interpretation
اردو زبان میں املا اور تلفظ کی معیاری تشکیل ؛ ادارہ جاتی خدمات کا تنقیدی جائزہ
Standardization of orthography (Imla) and pronunciation (Talaffuz) is fundamental to the linguistic stability and administrative identity of a language. As a hybrid language with roots in Indo-Aryan, Semitic, and Indo-Iranian families, Urdu has historically faced orthographic inconsistencies and phonetic complexities. This article explores the pivotal role of institutions in reforming and harmonizing these linguistic standards. Beginning with the early prose codification at Fort William College, the study delves into the systematic reforms introduced by contemporary bodies such as the National Language Promotion Department (NLPD) in Islamabad and Urdu Academy Delhi. The research specifically analyzes institutional stances on technical issues, including the dual nature of Hamza, the simplification of Alif Maqsura, the segmentation of compound words, and phonetic-based orthography. Furthermore, it highlights the transition of language standards from traditional etymological roots to modern digital requirements, focusing on the development of standardized keyboards, fonts (Nuri Nastaliq), and the integration of Urdu into information technology. The article concludes that institutional interventions have successfully transformed Urdu from a purely literary medium into a structured administrative and digital language, providing a roadmap for its future survival in the era of Artificial Intelligence.
: Urdu Orthography , Pronunciation, Language Reformation, Institutional Role, National Language Promotion Department (Muqtadra), Fort William College, Standardization, Phonetics, Digitalization, Urdu Fonts, Urdu Academy Delhi
Universal literature demands union and combo of fair-minded, uncommitted, and impartial aspects. Universal poet or writer uncovers the facts being alienated form the distinction of race, colour, religion, cult and sect. Allamma Muhammad Iqbal is the national poet of Pakistan. He conducted such intellectual and technical experiments that are not found in urdu literature anywhere else. This article explores Non-Muslim references in Iqbal's poetry and sheds light that inspired Iqbal to it. This article analyses the universal value of it and argues that it's should be given trip over universal poetry.
Universal literature, Non-Muslim, references, Allama Iqbal, religion, impartial
محمد الیاس کے ناول ’’بارش‘‘ کا فکری و فنی مطالعہ
This research paper presents a critical and analytical study of Muhammad Ilyas's novel "Barish" in the broader context of contemporary Urdu fiction. The study explores the novel's multiple dimensions, focusing particularly on its symbolic, psychological, and social meanings. Muhammad Ilyas employs "rain" not merely as a natural phenomenon but as a profound metaphor for purification, internal conflict, and the cleansing of moral decay within human society. Through a realistic portrayal of urban and rural life, he exposes the suppressed emotions, gender inequalities, and class-based tensions of Pakistani society. The paper further examines the narrative structure, linguistic texture, and artistic technique of the novel, emphasizing the use of interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness methods to reflect the characters' psychological depth. The symbolic use of weather, silence, and water to the society. The paper further examines the structure, linguistic texture, artistic technique of the novel, emphasizing the use of interior monologue and stream-of-consciousness methods to reflect the characters' psychological depth. The symbolic use of weather, silence, and water serves as a mirror to the inner turmoil of human existence. The study concludes that "Barish" is not only a reflection of social realism but also a philosophical commentary on human frailty and the quest for spiritual renewal. Thus, it establishes Muhammad Ilyas as one of the most thoughtful and innovative voices in modern Urdu fiction, blending aesthetic artistry with intellectual vigor.
Muhammad Ilyas, Barish, Symbolism, Psychological Realism, Modern Urdu Novel, Social Critique, Feminine Consciousness
خیبر پختون خوا کے اُردو افسانے میں رومانوی اسلوب کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
An analysis of romantic elements in the Urdu fiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows that the motivation for the romantic elements found in the Urdu fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is their own region. The fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have well depicted the environment of this region in their fiction. The romantic elements found in the Urdu fiction of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are of different types. Some fiction writers have depicted the rural environment, while others have made the natural environment, rivers, mountains and waterfalls the subject of discussion. Each fiction writer has adopted a different romantic style of describing life and its attitudes. Overall, the fiction writers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have depicted the romantic trend along with literary trends in a good way. The region of Khaiyber Pakhtunkhwa is very fertile in terms of literature. Urdu fiction has been greatly cultivated in it. The names of the writers of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa period are of great importance in the context of the romantic style in Urdu fiction. The writers of the fiction who experimented in this genre should always be remembered in Urdu literature.
نثار عزیز بٹ کے مثالیت پسند نسوانی کرداروں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This paper presents a critical analysis of the idealistic female characters in the novels of Pakistani Urdu writer Nisar Aziz Butt, with particular focus on her first three works—Nagri Nagri Phira Musafir, Nay Chiragay Nay Gulay, and Karwan-e-Wujood. It argues that the pursuit of an unattainable ideal is a central and defining theme in Butt’s fiction, as reflected in protagonists such as Afgar, Jamal Afroz and Samar Saleh, who are portrayed as complex, often melancholic individuals driven by an intense inner quest for meaning beyond their social and emotional realities. Their uncompromising idealism leads them to reject conventional choices such as marriage and material comfort, resulting in psychological turmoil, alienation, and tragic solitude. Set against broader socio-political contexts, including the aftermath of the Partition of India, these characters also reflect Butt’s deep engagement with Western and Russian literary traditions, particularly Tolstoyan philosophy and existential thought. The study concludes that Butt’s heroines, frequently overshadowing male characters, emerge as powerfully constructed archetypes whose tragic grandeur lies in their unwavering—and ultimately self-destructive—commitment to their ideals.
Idealistic female characters, Pursuit of an unattainable, Portrayed as complex, Psychological turmoil, Characterizations, Selfdestructive
رشید امجد کے افسانوی کرداروں میں وجودی رجحانات کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ
This paper presents a research-based and critical analysis of existential tendencies in the fictional characters of Rashid Amjad. Dr. Rashid Amjad was a prominent Urdu short story writer, researcher, and critic, whose primary recognition rests on his contribution to short fiction. The characters portrayed in his short stories reflect strong existential elements, which he employed extensively and consciously in his creative work. Within Rashid Amjad’s existential philosophical framework, particular emphasis is placed on themes such as fear, determinism, death, darkness, loneliness, desolation, alienation, and anxiety. Through a close reading and analytical examination of his short stories, this study identifies and interprets these existential elements as they manifest in his fictional characters. Considering Dr. Rashid Amjad’s overall literary contributions and intellectual endeavors, it may be concluded that he was a seminal and era-defining figure in Urdu language and literature.
Dr. Rasheed Amjad, Urdu Short Story, Existential Elements, Philosophical, Analysis, Research, Elements, Determinism
ادا جعفری کی شاعری میں روایت اور جدیدیت کا سنگم
This research article provides a comprehensive critical analysis of the poetic journey of Ada Jafri, widely acclaimed as the "First Lady of Urdu Poetry." It explores the unique creative synthesis in her work, where the grace of classical traditions intersects with the complexities of modern sensitivity. Unlike previous eras where the female voice remained largely subservient to male-centric tropes, Ada Jafri introduced a distinct feminine perspective that upheld Eastern cultural decorum while asserting intellectual autonomy and self-discovery. The study delves into key thematic dimensions of her poetry, including her portrayal of internal anguish in "Shehr-e-Dard" (City of Pain), her dignified protest against societal constraints, and the existential awareness reflected in her autobiography, "Jo Rahi So Be-Khabari Rahi." Through a qualitative analysis of her Ghazals and Nazms, the article demonstrates how she transitioned the female figure from a passive poetic object to an active, self-determining subject. The study concludes that Ada Jafri’s work serves as a foundational bridge in Urdu literature, proving that feminine agency can be powerfully expressed within the framework of cultural values. Her legacy remains a vital testament to the evolution of the modern female identity in the South Asian literary landscape.
Ada Jafri, Urdu Poetry, Tradition and Modernity, Feminine Consciousness, Self-Discovery, Pakistani Literature, Khatoon-e-Awwal, Existential Awareness, Modern Urdu Nazm, Cultural Decorum